Denosumab: Delay of bone metastasis in men with nonmetastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer

www.amepc.org/tau © Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved. In a large multicenter phase 3 randomized controlled trial published in Lancet, Smith and colleagues highlight a potential new indication for denosumab for patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (1). Already approved for prevention of skeletal-related events in the setting of bone metastases in solid tumors (Xgeva) and prevention of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) induced bone loss (Prolia), the authors theorized that denosumab administered prior to bone metastasis might stabilize the bone microenvironment thus delaying time to first bone metastasis. Men with castrate-resistant nonmetastatic prostate cancer treated with denosumab showed improved bone-metastasis-free survival and delayed time to first bone metastasis compared to those dosed with placebo. Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that selectively binds and neutralizes receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). This inhibits RANKL activation of osteoclasts in the vicious cycle of bone turnover. While the FDA-approved indications of denosumab fit intuitively into this mechanism, the delay of onset of bone metastasis with denosumab is rooted in the “seed and soil” hypothesis of metastasis of Paget and Fuchs. Denosumab demonstrates antitumor and antimetastatic properties independent of its osteoclast inhibition. In a mouse xenograft model of prostate cancer, Fc-RANK (a RANKL inhibitor) delays bone metastasis, inhibits osteolysis, and preserves bone architecture with decreased bony tumor burden (2). Similarly, in a mouse mammary cancer model, RANKL inhibition delays non-osseous metastasis and decreases metastatic tumor burden (3). In the Lancet article, investigators performed a placebocontrolled, randomized trial in 319 centers in 30 countries. They enrolled 1,432 men with castration-resistant prostate cancer defined as three consecutive PSA rises despite castrate testosterone. Men with metastatic disease or recent antiresorptive therapy were excluded from this study. Based on premature study closure due to low event rate in similar intravenous bisphosphonate studies (4), this study targeted high risk prostate cancer. PSA of 8 ng/dL or greater and/ or PSA doubling time of 10 months or less was deemed high risk for bone metastasis. The study was open label to any chemotherapeutic agents. A centralized computer randomization maintained allocation concealment. Patients were randomized to 120 mg denosumab subcutaneously monthly versus saline placebo. Patients, investigators, and radiologists were all blinded to treatment intervention. Bone scans, and confrirmatory studies based on suspicious bone scans, were obtained every 4 months to assess for bone metastasis with central radiology review. Results were analyzed by intention to treat for efficacy outcomes and per protocol for safety outcomes (four patients in the control group were accidentally dosed with denosumab). The primary endpoint was bone-metastasis-free survival. Secondary outcomes included time to bone metastasis, symptomatic bone metastasis, and overall survival (OS). The enrollees were overwhelmingly white heptagenarians with good functional status. Half of the men had undergone local therapy with prostatectomy, radiation or both. The study group found an improvement in bone-metastasisfree survival from 25.2 months in the placebo group to 29.5 months in the denosumab cohort for a 4.2 month improvement and a similar delay in time to first bone metastasis. There was a greater rate of symptomatic bone metastases in the placebo cohort than those treated with Research Highlight